Explaining the Success and Popularity of Susanna Rowsons Charlotte Temple - Literature Essay Samples

In her novel Charlotte: A Tale of Truth, probably better known under the title of Charlotte Temple, Susanna Rowson relates the unfortunate life of a young girl for a specific purpose that she presents in the opening lines of her work, through the following words: â€Å"and may, I flatter myself, be of service to some who are so unfortunate as to have neither friends to advise, nor understanding to direct them, through the various and unexpected evils that attend young and unprotected woman in her first entrance into life† (Rowson 3). The author of this masterpiece probably ignored at that time the success that her work would encounter through the following centuries. Indeed, firstly published in 1791 in England, Charlotte Temple has gone over two hundred editions to this day and is still described as â€Å"entertaining and readable† nowadays (Parker 59). The fact that a conduct manual originally written to educate young girls of the late eighteenth century remains popul ar to this day is probably the result of countless factors. The purpose of this essay is to discuss three of the numerous aspects of the story that contributed to the popularity of Charlotte Temple. It will be suggested that the success of this novel comes, primarily, from the form which Rowson has chosen to compose her work; secondly, from the author’s intrusions throughout the tale and finally, from the verisimilitude of the plot. In the first instance, this essay will thus focus on what is partly responsible for Charlotte Temple’s success, namely the form Rowson has selected to relate Charlotte’s story. The particularity of this tale is that it includes a certain number of letters, without however being categorized as an epistolary novel. This framework has allowed Rowson to exclusively select the benefits of the epistolary structure and, as it will be discussed later, to simultaneously avoid the negative effects that this form might cause. First of all, let us focus on four strengths of the epistolary form that are present in Charlotte Temple. Professor Donna Campbell brings up three of them, which are: â€Å"[to allow] feelings and reactions to be presented without authorial intrusion, [to give] a sense of immediacy because the letters are written in the thick of the action, and [to allow] the writer to present multiple points of view† (Campbell). Fourthly, I would like to suggest that the epistolary form globally leads the reader to get more implicated in the story. Hence, the combination of both, the benefits listed by Campbell and the aspect of implication, is a first approach to explain the success of Susanna Rowson’s novel. In accordance with the advantages put forward by Campell, it is true that Rowson takes the opportunity to let her characters express their state of mind by themselves through their letters. Mrs. Temple, for example, uses one of her letter to demonstrate her maternal affection towards Charlotte when she writes that â€Å"As to-morrow is the anniversary of the happy day that gave my beloved girl to the anxious wishes of a maternal heart† (Rowson 72). Charlotte also expresses her feelings back towards her mother, later in the story, when she mentions her remorse, asserting that â€Å"my heart bled at the thought of what you would suffer† (132). In the same letter, she also shares her pain by writing â€Å"Oh! never, neve r! while I have existence, will the agony of that moment be erased from my memory† (132). Eventually, she mentions her helplessness when she asks, â€Å"But how shall I proceed?† (133). By accessing directly to the feelings of the characters, the readers are given the opportunity to get to know better each of the letters’ writers and will consequently get more implicated in the story. Besides the free expression given to her characters, Rowson also uses the â€Å"sense of immediacy† that Campbell praises in epistolary novels. Indeed, the author of Charlotte Temple applies the idea that the character composes his or her letter in the heat of the moment. This can be seen when Charlotte inserts the following detail in a letter to her mother: â€Å"(I feel the burning blush of shame die my cheeks while I write it)† (133). The same effect can also be noticed in Montraville’s letter to Charlotte when he adds â€Å"To-morrow – but no, I cannot tell you what to-morrow will produce† (158). These kinds of comments give the audience the impression that the characters genuinely wrote the letters, which brings verisimilitude to the story. Therefore, if the plot seems plausible or even entirely real to the readers, the latter will, once again, feel more implicated in it. Finally, Rowson has exploited the last advantaging feature that Campbell highlights regarding the epistolary form, namely its ability to allow several points of view in the same story (Campbell). She gives Lucy Temple, Montraville and Charlotte the opportunity to express themselves and share their inner thoughts through their letters. The multiplicity of the points of view shows to the reader that Rowson does not simply add characters to shape a story around the protagonist, but that she creates them fully, giving them the ability to write, to think and to feel, which, again, increases the plausibility of the plot and the reader’s implication in the story. Either it is with the genuine expression of the character’s feelings, the â€Å"sense of immediacy† or the multiplicity of the points of view, the readers are given every chance to get involved in the story. According to Janet Gurkin Altman, â€Å"the epistolary form is unique in making the reader (narrate) almost as important an agent in the narrative as the writer (narrator)â₠¬  (Altman 88). It is true that , more generally, this form creates a feeling of implication in the story which is explained by Altman as â€Å"the result of a union of writer and reader.† (88) and by Blythe Forcey as a â€Å"correspondence between the writers within the novel but also a correspondence between the writer of the novel and its readers† (Forcey 229). The main idea behind these two explanations is that by adding letters in a story, the writer creates a connection between himself or herself and the readers. Therefore, thanks to this bond, as well as Campell’s list of the epistolary form’s benefits, Rowson’s readers feel more implicate in the plot which leads them to have a better appreciation of the story in general and this can primarily explain the extent of the success encountered by Charlotte Temple. It is now legitimate to wonder why Rowson has not chosen to construct her novel entirely in the epistolary form as it possesses several silver linings. Blythe Forcey comes up with one main issue linked to this structure which can justify Rowson’s choice. When thinking of the exchange of letters as a reciprocal experience between the reader and the writer, as mentioned above, the audience has to interpret correctly what the author wants to convey. However, the period in which Rowson has written Charlotte Temple, as well as her purpose to write for young and innocent girls, were incompatible with such form, â€Å"[k]nowing that [she was] writing in a time of rapid transition and for many possible audiences (rural/urban, British/American, naà ¯ve/worldly, male/female, moral/amoral)† (Forcey 229). In this context, Rowson’s public was too diversified to be assured that everyone would interpret correctly the message the author wanted to communicate. Following, this id ea, Forcey also points out that â€Å"all the characters, even the villains, are allowed to ‘speak for themselves’ through the inclusion of their letters, they each have an opportunity to attract the sympathy and identification of the reader† (233-34). As the purpose of Rowson is to offer a manual of conduct for young girls, it would have been, once again, too dangerous to let them interpret the story by themselves. Thus, â€Å"[w]ithout the protective boundaries established by a controlling narrative presence, the epistolary novel leaves the female protagonist exposed, vulnerable, and even invisible† (230) and hence, what prevented Rowson from writing her whole tale in the epistolary form is the lack of directions that the narrator needs to give to the reader in order to avoid misinterpretations, misunderstandings and the risk of being seduced at the same level as Charlotte was. The second aspect that contributed to Charlotte Temple’s success as a conduct manual is Rowson’s participation to the novel as a â€Å"guardian† narrator. This specific appellation used by Forcey to describe the author’s voice is, according to him, a â€Å"warm, motherly presence, [through which] this narrator acts as an editor, moralizer, translator, and guide for her young reader† (Forcey 230). In addition to Forcey’s explanation, I would suggest that Rowson’s voice as a â€Å"guardian narrator† possesses three functions that all contribute to the popularity of the novel. It acts firstly as a counter-effect of the negative aspects of the epistolary form. Her intrusion in the story serves secondly to guide the audience by insisting on important aspects of the tale and finally, Rowson’s voice, by using direct address, aims at grasping her readers’ attention and giving them a sensation of individualization. Even if Charlotte Temple is not considered as an epistolary novel, the risk remains that naà ¯ve young girls get seduced by some of the letters written by â€Å"the villains†, as Forcey call them (229). To counter this danger, Rowson has simply chosen not to include some letters, whose content might attract young and innocent souls. For example, she substitutes Montraville’s letter by the following explanation: Any reader who has the least knowledge of the world, will easily imagine the letter was made up of encomiums on her beauty, and vows of everlasting love and constancy; nor will be surprised that a heart open to every gentle, generous sentiment, should feel itself warmed by gratitude for a man who professed to feel so much for her; nor is it improbable that her mind might revert to the agreeable person and martial appearance of Montraville. (Rowson, 39) Thus, Rowson has succeeded in writing her tale of truth and in conserving all its verisimilitude but without damaging her idea to make her novel a conduct manual adapted for young girls. Another function of Rowson’s voice as a â€Å"guardian† narrator is to insist on certain passages to make sure that the readers understand the message she conveys. This phenomenon occurs several times in Charlotte Temple. It is the case, for example, when she relates the early life of Mr. Temple and when, at some point, she explains that â€Å"Temple heard the news with emotion: he had lost his father’s favour by avowing his passion for Luca, and he saw now there was no hope regaining it† (34). At first sight, this summary of the situation given by Rowson can seem useless to any attentive reader. However, it is not impossible that young readers could have misunderstood the previous dialogue between Mr. Temple and his father. Extrapolating on the idea that she writes for in nocent souls, it is true that the author’s comment is justified. This insistence on specific aspects of the story can be easily noticed with the introduction of new characters in the plot too. For instance, when she mentions Miss Weatherby for the first time, in addition of a preliminary description and the insertion of an illustrating poem, Rowson comments that [s]uch was Miss Weatherby: her form lovely as nature could make it, but her mind uncultivated, her heart unfeeling, her passions impetuous, and her brain almost turned with flattery, dissipation, and pleasure† (32). The same process applies to the description of Montraville (57), a character with whom the reader is already familiar at this point of the story. Probably the most striking examples of Rowson’s insistence are the following: â€Å"The reader, no doubt, had already developed the character of La Rue; designing, artful, selfish, . . .† (92) and â€Å"Let not the reader imagine Belcour†™s designs were honourable† (95). Thus, even if she is aware that the audience is, at this stage of the tale, well-acquainted with the characters of Charlotte Temple, the author keeps pointing out certain aspects on which the readers are expected to be focused in order that they cannot be confused later with any of the characters or with any of their intentions. Finally, the third function of the guardian narrator is Rowson’s ability to catch her audience’s attention thanks to direct address. Throughout Charlotte’s tale, she keeps speaking directly to them with interpellations such as â€Å"Oh my dear girl† (41), â€Å"thoughtless daughters of folly† (51), â€Å"Oh my friends† (85), â€Å"my dear young readers† (86), and so forth. Several times she goes further than just naming them and actually interrupts the story. It occurs when she devotes a whole chapter to the reader’s hypothetical reaction to her tale. Indeed, in the twenty-eighth chapter, Rowson anticipates the fact that the reader are getting tired of Charlotte’s misfortune and writes â€Å"my lively, innocent girl, I must request your patience. . . . I pray you throw it not aside till you have persued the whole; mayhap you may find something therein to repay you for the trouble† (169). In the same chapter, she also imagines the questions that are being raised by her readers and answers them (170). This interruption in the course of the story calls the readers to order and grasps their attention back. The idea that Rowson catches the interest of her audience can be seen in shorter passages as well. The following passage is a common example of Rowson’s brief intrusion in Charlotte’s tale : Oh my dear girl – for to such only am I writing – listen not to the voice of love, unless sanctioned by paternal approbation: be assured, it is now past the days of romance: no woman can be run away with contrary to her own inclination: then kneel down each morning, and request kind heaven to keep you free from temptation, or, should it please to suffer you to be tried, pray for fortitude to resist the impulse of inclination when it runs counter to the precepts of religion and virtue. (41) Further than just catching their attention, this extract even gives to the reader a sensation of individualization. This feeling comes from two main aspects. On the one hand, Rowson addresses directly her reader when she starts with â€Å"Oh my dear girl†. On the other hand, she dictates a certain behaviour through imperatives such as â€Å"listen not†, â€Å"be assured†, â€Å"kneel down†, and so on. These instructions resemble greatly the guidance of an older sister or a caring mother. And how could a lost and confused young girl ignore the advice of an older and caring relative? Another typical example of this motherly role appears when Rowson acts like a big sister in the name of mothers to underline the pain undergone by Mrs. Temple with Charlotte’s disappearance (85-86). Hence, Rowson’s voice appears to be a way to grasp the readers’ attention and even give them a sense of individualization that could explain the success of Charl otte Temple. The third and last factor suggested to explain the success of Rowson’s novel is the verisimilitude of the story. This phenomenon is defined by The Oxford Dictionnary as [the] appearance of being true or real† and the author of Charlotte Temple makes sure that her plot complies with this idea. Firstly, and from the very beginning of her novel, she draws the readers’ attention on the fact that they should â€Å"consider [Charlotte Temple] as not merely the effusion of Fancy, but as a reality† (3) and confirms the real existence of the protagonist when she claims that â€Å"an old lady . . . had personally known Charlotte† (3). This is what critics, such as Elias Nason, praise in Charlotte Temple by asserting that it is â€Å"a faithful transcription of real life, in 1774, and hence it is a living book, and criticise it as we may, the people after all will read it, weep over it and enjoy it† (Nason 47). Several factors contribute to the verisimil itude of the plot. As previously mentioned in this essay, the letters enhance the plausibility of Charlotte’s story thanks to the way they are composed, the multiplicity of their writers and their content. What also gives the story an aspect of reality is the recurrent shifting of the points of view. It is a way to remind the reader that life goes on after the departure of the protagonist to the New World and that although Charlotte is the centre of the story, other characters continue to exist. This can be seen when Rowson devotes a whole chapter to Charlotte’s parents who remain in England (Rowson 151-54). The same effect applies with Montraville when he has an argument with his father (61-64). The plausibility of the plot plays a major role for a conduct manual. Indeed, if the author wants to convince young girls by making them learn anything from Charlotte’s experiences, the plot must either be real or at least seem to be, so that it can have an impact on th em. Charlotte Temple has encountered a success that remained unrivalled for a long time and the reasons that could explain such popularity are probably countless. The purpose of this essay was to discuss three of these reasons. The first way to explain such success has been said to lay in the structure of the novel itself. The fact that Rowson chose to include a certain number of letters without relying entirely on the epistolary form allowed her to create the perfect framework for a conduct manual. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that this structure allows the reader to be confronted to the character’s feelings, to benefit from a sense of immediacy, to discover the story from several points of view and generally, to get more implicated in the plot. It has also been discussed why Rowson did not only rely on the epistolary form despite all its strengths. The second part of the essay has been devoted to Rowson’s voice, which plays a crucial role to reach the goal of her work , either in countering the negative effect of epistolary novels, in guiding her reader on important aspects of the story or in giving the audience a sensation of individualization. Last but not least, the third part of this essay has suggested that the verisimilitude of the plot was also necessary to the novel’s success. Further elements probably also contributed to the popularity of Charlotte Temple, such as the presence of morals throughout the story, the universality of the themes, the societal context of the end of the eighteenth century, and so on. But what can be therefore assumed at the end of this paper, is that the three aspects presented above can be considered as central pillars of the popularity of Charlotte Temple. Works Cited Altman, Janet Gurkin. Epistolarity: Approaches to a Form. Ohio State University Press, 1982. Campbell, Donna. Charlotte : A Tale of Truth (Also known as Charlotte Temple) Brief Background Notes from Lecture on Rowson, public.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/rowson2.html. Forcey, Blythe. â€Å"Charlotte Temple and the End of Epistolarity.† American Literature, vol. 63, no. 2, 1991, pp. 225–241. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2927163. Nason, Elias. Memoir of Mrs. Susanna Rowson, With Elegant and Illustrative Extracts from her Writings in Prose and Poetry. M.A. Albany: Joel Munsel, 1870. Parker, Patricia L. â€Å"Charlotte Temple by Susanna Rowson.† The English Journal, vol. 65, no. 1, 1976, pp. 59–60. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/814701. Rowson, Susanna. Charlotte Temple. A tale of Truth. Third American Edition, ed., Stephen C. Ustick, 1797. â€Å"Verisimilitude: Definition of verisimilitude in English. â€Å"Oxford Dictionaries† | English, Oxford Dictionaries, en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/verisimilitude.

Facts on Mass Shootings in the US

On Oct. 1, 2017, the Las Vegas Strip became the site of the deadliest mass shooting in American history. A shooter killed 59 people and injured 515, bringing the victim total to 574. Mass shootings in the United States are getting worse, statistics show. Heres a look at the history of mass shootings to explain the historical and contemporary trends. Definition A mass shooting is defined by the FBI as a public attack, distinct from gun crimes that happen within private homes, even when those crimes involve multiple victims, and from drug- or gang-related shootings. Historically, through 2012, a mass shooting was considered a shooting in which four or more people (excluding the shooter or shooters) were shot. In 2013, a new federal law reduced the figure to three or more. Frequency Increasing Every time a mass shooting occurs, a debate is spurred in the media about whether such shootings are happening more often. The debate is fueled by a misunderstanding of what mass shootings are. Some criminologists argue that they are not on the rise because they count them among all gun crime, a relatively stable figure year-over-year. However, considering mass shootings as defined by the FBI, the disturbing truth is that they are rising and have increased sharply since 2011. Analyzing data compiled by the Stanford Geospatial Center, sociologists Tristan Bridges and Tara Leigh Tober found that  mass shootings have progressively become more common since the 1960s. Through the late 1980s, there were no more than five mass shooting per year. Through the 1990s and 2000s, the rate fluctuated and occasionally climbed as high as 10 per year. Since 2011, the rate has skyrocketed, climbing first into the teens then peaking at 473 in 2016, with the year 2018 ending at a total of 323 mass shootings in the United States. Number of Victims Rising Data from the Stanford Geospatial Center, analyzed by Bridges and Tober, shows that the number of victims is rising along with the frequency of mass shootings. The figures for deaths and injuries climbed from below 20 in the early 1980s to spike sporadically through the 1990s to 40 and 50-plus and reach regular shootings of more than 40 victims through the late 2000s and 2010s. Since the late 2000s, there have been 80-plus to 100 deaths and injuries in some mass shootings. Most Weapons Legally Obtained Mother Jones  reports  that of the mass shootings committed since 1982, 75 percent of the weapons used were obtained legally. Among those used,  assault weapons and semi-automatic handguns with high-capacity magazines  were common. Half of the weapons used in these crimes were semi-automatic handguns, while the rest were rifles, revolvers, and shotguns. Data on weapons used, compiled by the FBI, show that if the failed Assault Weapons Ban of 2013 had been passed, the sale of 48 of these guns for civilian purposes would have been illegal. Uniquely American Problem Another debate that crops up following a mass shooting is whether the United States is exceptional for the frequency at which mass shootings occur within its borders. Those who claim that it does not often point to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) data which measure mass shootings per capita based on a countrys total population. Looked at this way, the data indicate that the U.S. ranks behind nations including Finland, Norway, and Switzerland. But these data are based on populations so small and events so infrequent that they are statistically invalid. Mathematician Charles Petzold explains on his blog why this is so, from a statistical standpoint, and further explains how the data can be useful. Instead of comparing the United States to other OECD nations, which have much smaller populations and most of which have had just one to three mass shootings in recent history, compare the U.S. to all other OECD nations combined. Doing so equalizes the scale of population and allows for a statistically valid comparison. This comparison indicates that the United States has a mass shooting rate of 0.121 per million people, while all other OECD countries combined have a rate of just 0.025 per million people (with a combined population three times that of the United States.) This means that the rate of mass shootings per capita in the U.S. is nearly five times that in all other OECD nations. This disparity is not surprising given that  Americans own nearly half of all civilian guns in the world. Shooters Nearly Always Men Bridges and Tober found that of the mass shootings that have occurred since 1966, nearly all were committed by men. Just five of those incidents—2.3 percent—involved a lone woman shooter. That means men were the perpetrators in nearly 98 percent of mass shootings. Domestic Violence Connection Between 2009 and 2015, 57 percent of mass shootings overlapped with domestic violence, in that the victims included a spouse, former spouse, or another family member of the perpetrator, according to an analysis of FBI data conducted by Everytown for Gun Safety. Additionally, nearly 20 percent of attackers had been charged with domestic violence.   Assault Weapons Ban The Federal Assault Weapons Ban that was in effect between 1994 and 2004 outlawed the manufacture for civilian use of some semi-automatic firearms and large capacity magazines. It was prompted into action after 34 children and a teacher were shot in a schoolyard in Stockton, California, with a semi-automatic AK-47 rifle in 1989 and by the shooting of 14 people in 1993 in a San Francisco office building, in which the shooter used semi-automatic handguns equipped with a hellfire trigger, which makes a semi-automatic firearm fire at a rate approaching that of a fully automatic firearm. A study by The Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence published in 2004 found that in the five years before the bans implementation, assault weapons it outlawed accounted for nearly 5 percent of gun crime. During its period of enactment, that figure fell to 1.6 percent. Data compiled by the Harvard School of Public Health and presented as a timeline of mass shootings show that mass shootings have occurred with much greater frequency since the ban was lifted in 2004, and the victim count has risen sharply. Semi-automatic and high-capacity firearms are the weapons of choice for those who perpetrate mass shootings. As  Mother Jones  reports, more than half of all mass shooters possessed high-capacity magazines, assault weapons, or both. According to this data, a third of the weapons used in mass shootings since 1982 would have been outlawed by the failed Assault Weapons Ban of 2013.

Raymond Carvers A Small Good Thing Essay example - 842 Words

Raymond Carvers A Small Good Thing Raymond Carvers A Small Good Thing, a short story that has to do with the lack of interaction and empathy between the baker, Ann and Howard, the finale where the baker is startled to find out about the childs death, asks for mercy and presents them warm cinnamon rolls telling them that Eating is a small, good thing in a time like this and they are comforted, reveals particular significance of the title in terms of the storys theme. Also, Raymond Carvers Cathedral, a story that starts with an ignorant and rude narrator whose wife has called a blind friend to spend the night at their home and according to Carver, A blind man in my house was not something I looked forward to,(38) has some†¦show more content†¦After the baker takes all the rage thrown on him by Ann, he in return begs for forgiveness and gives the parents what they were lacking, that is food. The baker does all this even though he is alone and virtually makes contact with anybody. In Raymonds Cathedral, certain similarities can be drawn from the thematic content that is revealed in both stories. In Cathedral, the theme is expansive, but the ones that are similar in both stories are communication, and empathy. The communication theme in this story is much more serious than the one in A Small Good Thing, the reason being that the narrator has less or no communication whatsoever with his wife. This is vividly shown in the story where the narrator says When the time rolled around, my wife went to the depot to pick him up. With nothing to do but wait, I was having a drink and watching TV.(41) This deficiency of intimacy, intercourse led the narrator to be ignorant but very thoughtful. However the narrators thoughtfulness did not lead him to understand that his lack of tolerance was much more serious than he knew it was. In A Small Good Thing, as mentioned earlier, after Howard returns home, the baker keeps on calling him and telling him about the cake, but Howard tells him I dont know anything about a cake, Jesus what are you talking about? Ann never tells Howard about the cake she ordered before Scotts accident. Here the lack of communication theme is less seriousShow MoreRelated An Analysis on the Similarities and Differences in Raymond Carversâ€Å"A Small Good Thing† and â€Å"The Bath†2727 Words   |  11 Pages In Raymond Carvers The Bath and rewritten version of the story entitled A Small, Good Thing, the author tells the same tale in different ways, and to different ends, creating variegated experiences for the reader. Both stories have the same central plot and a majority of details remain the same, but the effects that the stories have upon the reader is significantly different. 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Effects of Mobile Computing on Organizations-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEffects of Mobile Computing on Business Organizations. Answer: Introduction The technology of mobile computing signifies the accessibility of information from any geographical location providing the source of internet. Mobile computing technology can be identified as a system involving a number of components i.e. electronic devices, internet, and hardware set up (Gu, Niu and He, 2016). Due to the advancement of modern technologies and information system, mobile computing has become a mandatory part of the maximum number of social people living in developed as well as emerging nations. Basically, all the devices are connected via the internet to form a web that can be utilised to share and access information and data at any location (Dar et al., 2015). The research proposal has been developed to evaluate the basic concepts associated with the term mobile computing. In modern-day communication, information technology has been updated on a regular basis influencing the standards of communication and interactions. The proposal primarily investigates how mobile computing effects on a business organisation. The study delivers a range of literature including the advantages and disadvantages of the technology. In addition, the study provides the methodology that can be utilised by the researcher to accumulate secondary as well as primary data to conduct the entire research. Also, the limitations of the research as well as the research timeline have been presented in the study for better understanding. Project Objective The primary aim of the research proposal is to identify the impact of mobile computing on business operations of global SMEs and MNCs. Evidently, the business proposal will be developed to investigate what are the major benefits of adopting the mobile computing technology on business organisations. In the contemporary business scenario, flexibility and accessibility of data and information has been the key to success. By considering the latest business trends of modern business firms, the research will verify how mobile computing has contributed towards the development of communication and interactions among the workforce (Subramanian, Yang and Zhang, 2007). Furthermore, the study will analyse the disadvantages of using the mobile computing as well to create a balance. In the meanwhile, the rapid development of ICT has undoubtedly contributed to the expansion of business organisations. The study will analyse the previous literature to find more evidence so that the advantages of util ising the technology can be discussed at the academic level. Project Scope The research aims to develop a theoretical study on the use of developed technology such as mobile computing in modern business organisation. An in-depth analysis of the previous literatures will be conducted in the study in order to critically review the findings of the prior authors and researchers (Dar et al., 2015). Additionally, the methodology used to conduct the research will be presented in the study to help the readers understand how the research has been conducted and what techniques can be used in the future to conduct more investigations in the chosen field (Agero et al., 2014). Moreover, the analysis and findings sections will present the data collected through primary research in order to answer the identified research questions. The findings of the research will be helpful for the management of different organisations to understand the advantages and disadvantages of using mobile computing technology and take effective decisions (Dar et al., 2015). Finally, the recomme ndations derived from the study will be helpful in understanding the issues and developing adequate management strategies to properly manage the use of mobile computing in workplace environment. Literature Review In the contemporary era of technological advancement, mobile computing has become one of an essential component in an organisational perspective (Basha, 2014). In the recent times, mobile computing has evolved at the highest order like no other technology in Information Communication Technology (ICT). According to Han, Liang, and Zhang (2015), mobile computing has advanced the operational procedure to a great deal by delivering a number of advantages and benefits to the firms. For instance, mobile computing has enabled rapid conversation and interactions, quick feedback, 24-hour availability, and effective accessibility and flexibility from anywhere to handle emergency circumstances, etc (Han, Liang, and Zhang, 2015). Evidently, the introduction of Smartphone technology has immensely contributed to the evolution of modern mobile computing facilities. In another review of the literature, Dinh et al. (2013) discuss the significance of modern mobile-based cloud computing technology and the role of the system in the contemporary business firms. According to the study of the authors, the invention of latest electronic devices such as Smartphone, laptops, Smartwatch, and tablet computers has transformed the entire system of mobile computing. The affordable prices of the components used in mobile computing have provided the opportunity to the common public to access the system more often than not. Furthermore, the revolutionary invention of Android and IOS operating system technology by Google and Apple respectively has given the birth of highly accessible mobile devices (Dinh et al., 2011). By using the devices and other electronic gadgets, organisational people can be connected to each other in an electronic way with the help of the internet connection (Mitra, Saguna, and Ahlund, 2014). Therefore, electronic communication and interact ions can be utilised at the highest order to save lots of paperwork. Apart from that mobile cloud computing enables the organisation people to store electronic documents in cloud storage system that can be accessed from any geographical location (Kwon, Baker and Church, 2014). In addition, mobile cloud computing technology helps the SMEs to reduce a significant amount of time and operational cost. In terms of analysing the disadvantages of the mobile computing, privacy and security of documentation can be the biggest issue to be faced by modern organisations. According to Pejovic and Musolesi (2015), the security of the Smartphone technology and software must be scrutinised before using the technology in organisational benefits. Moreover, by the use of the internet and cloud storage, valuable documentation and files are saved that can be exploited in case any security breach. Apart from that, data privacy is another major issue in mobile computing. For instance, Smartphone has regularly collected the data of the users and send it system. Precisely, any external force can infiltrate the data and exploit the save information that may lead to a chaotic situation (PalKaur and Kaur, 2014). Also, there is hacking technology that can be used to hack the private information and confidential documents of the users. In this way, mobile computing technology can be exploited to misuse the data and information of an organisation. Effectively, in order to implement the mobile computing technology within the organisation requires technical assistance, hardware set up, and infrastructural advancement that can be costly at times (Agero et al., 2014). According to Alzahrani, Alalwan, and Sarrab (2014), ubiquitous nature of the mobile computing technology has transformed the lifestyle and living standard of the human beings influencing the regular business operations of any business firm. In the meanwhile, the convergence of ICT has enabled common people to get the accessibility of almost everything at their fingertips with the use of the internet connection and Smartphone technology. In another research conducted by Chung, Yoo, and Kim (2014) mobile computing technology have influenced the organisations to follow the latest trend of customisation of services as per the standard of living and lifestyle of the users to deliver the most satisfied services. Furthermore, the cutting edge mobile computing technology has provided a wide range of features to the common public to lead their everyday life at ease (Rahimi et al., 2013). Evidently, the ubiquitous nature of the technology has enabled the users to control the privacy settings a nd accessibility of the systems to their preferences (Ranjan, 2014). The research on the topic of the effects of mobile computing on business firms has involved a wide range of literature to be reviewed. Hence, the researcher has the issue to select the most appropriate literature relevant for the study. Besides, the previous literature on the topic dictates the role of mobile computing on personal living standards of the social public. For a broader perspective, the conventional research has lacked the evidence to show how the mobile computing has influenced the organisational benefits of the modern business. Although there is enough study to support the argument, there is a need for statistical analysis to review the effect of mobile computing on the performance of business firms. Research Questions/Hypothesis On the basis of the research gap identified in the above literature review, it can be seen that few research have been conducted in terms of identifying the benefits and challenges related to the use of mobile computing in an organisation. Hence, the primary objective of the research is to identify the benefits and challenges related to implementation of mobile computing in different organisations. In order to meet the research objectives, the research questions that will be answered in the study are presented herein below: What are the challenges related to mobile computing that are faced by the management of an organisation? How does mobile computing benefits the organisation in terms of communication? How does ICT or mobile computing improve the productivity and effectiveness of the workforce? What sort of privacy and security risk are faced by the organisations in terms of implementing mobile computing system in the organisation? On the basis of the above research questions and objective of the research, the hypothesis statements that will be evaluated in the study are presented herein below: H0: Null Hypothesis: Mobile computing does not lead to any challenge for the business organisations in the modern era of technology development. H1: Alternative Hypothesis: Mobile computing leads to different challenges for the business organisations in the modern era of technology development. Research Design and Methodology The methodology section of the study presents the blueprint of the research that will be used during the dissertation to conduct the research. The research design and methodology explains the tools and techniques used for collecting the data and conducting the analysis. Additionally, the research design explains the procedure applied in the study to present the findings and explain the outcome of the study (Goddard and Melville, 2011). In this research, both primary and secondary data collection methods will be used. As it has been found during the literature review that there are only few research in the field that has been conducted using primary data, the primary data analysis has been the primary target of the study. The primary data will be collected from the primary sources such as people related to the field of study in the form direct interviews and surveys (Ellermann, 2012). On the other hand, the secondary data will be collected from the secondary sources such as books, jou rnal articles, newspapers, government reports, and different online sources (Kothari and Garg, 2016). Furthermore, the analysis will be conducted using two different methods namely qualitative research analysis and quantitative research analysis that has been presented in the underlying section. Qualitative Research Qualitative research is conducted to explore the factors leading to a problem and seek proper solution to the issue. It is a type of exploratory research that helps to investigate the factors leading to the challenges in implementing mobile computing technology and understand the benefits of the system (Dixon, 2010). The qualitative research technique will be used in the research to conduct a critical review of the findings of the previous researchers and understand the major problems that are faced by the management of different organisations in implementing mobile computing system in their operational strategy (Jha, 2008). The data will be collected from books, articles, and online sources related to the topic and the theories developed by different authors will be compared and critically evaluated. Additionally, face to face or over the phone interviews will be conducted to observe the feedbacks of different entrepreneurs who uses mobile computing technology in their daily operati ons. The findings of the primary and secondary research will be presented using descriptive techniques in a thematic manner. Quantitative Research The quantitative research analysis technique will be used in the study to check the reliability and validity of the primary data. An online survey will be conducted in the study to collect feedback from around 100 participants regarding the use of mobile computing technology and the challenges faced by the management in terms of technological barriers, security and privacy issues and resistance from employees (Baran, 2013). The quantitative analysis will be used to perform descriptive statistics analysis that include calculation of mean, median, standard deviation, distribution of key variables (Ketchen and Bergh, 2014). Additionally, regression analysis and hypothesis testing will also be conducted to identify the extent of the issues related to the use of mobile computing system. Furthermore, the questionnaires that will be used in the research to collect primary data through survey has been presented in appendix 1 for further consideration. Research Limitations In the study proposal, the researcher has to deal with a number of complexities to complete the entire study. One of the leading challenges with the research is to identify the most suitable and appropriate literature study out of so many research conducted by modern authors. Apart from the selection of most evident literature, identifying the most effective methodology has been a major limitation associated to the research. In order to promote the academic concepts, the best methods and validity practices has to be taken into account (Ellermann, 2012). However, the limitation of time to complete the entire research has restricted the researcher to validate a number of aspects associated to the topic area. Evidently, sampling process can be termed as a significant limitation. Furthermore, to conduct the study, the researcher needs to collect primary data via interview and survey. Therefore, convenient ethical guidelines have been a major limitation to collect the relevant information and data. Time Schedule The limitation of time is the primary constraint of a research study. It is expected that the research will take around 5 months to be completed. On the basis of the project schedule, the research has begun on XX-XX-2017 and will be completed by xx-xx-2017. A detailed time schedule of the research has been presented using a Gantt chart in appendix 2. Conclusion By considering the above proposal, it can be seen that mobile computing has emerged to be an effective technique for communication and data transferring in an organisation. Additionally, mobile computing is cost effective and improves the system of communication implemented by an organisation. The research aims to study the impact of mobile computing over the performance of business organisations. Additionally, the study also identifies the benefits derived by the use of mobile computing technology for communication and data transferring in the organisation. However, there are several challenges that are faced by the management of different firms in using mobile computing system in the operations of the firm. For instance, the issues of security, privacy, and resistance from employees make it difficult for the management to effectively use the technology in the improvement of the current operations. Conclusively, the research will help to identify the issues and develop necessary sol utions for mitigating the problems related to the use of mobile computing in a business organisation. References Agero, R., Wenning, B., Timm-Giel, A. and Pesch, D. (2014). Recent Advances on Future Networks and Their Management.Mobile Networks and Applications, 19(6), pp.718-719. 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